Structures in Programming - Questions and Answers

Basic Concepts

1. Define structure in the context of a programming language. How is it different from an array?

A structure in a programming language is a user-defined data type that allows grouping of variables of different data types under a single name. It differs from an array, which can only hold elements of the same data type and is indexed for access, whereas a structure provides a more flexible way to organize heterogeneous data.

2. Is structure a built-in data type? Can we apply basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction to structure variables? Show with a simple C program.

No, structure is not a built-in data type; it is user-defined. Basic arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction cannot be directly applied to structure variables. Here's a simple C program to demonstrate:

#include 
struct Point {
    int x;
    int y;
};
int main() {
    struct Point p1 = {3, 4};
    struct Point p2 = {1, 2};
    // Cannot directly add p1 and p2
    printf("p1.x = %d, p1.y = %d\n", p1.x, p1.y);
    printf("p2.x = %d, p2.y = %d\n", p2.x, p2.y);
    return 0;
}

Code Analysis

3. Identify the members of the structure from the below code segment.

char acNo[15]
char ifsc[15]
char acType[7]
double balance
double minBalance

4. Identify the structure variables from the below code segment.

account1
account2
account3
account[10]

Banking System

9. Consider the below structure and design a simple banking system that supports the following operations.

a. opening of accounts (Hint: input to the variables)

#include 
struct Account {
    char acNo[15];
    char ifsc[15];
    char acType[7];
    double balance;
    double minBalance;
};
int main() {
    struct Account account;
    printf("Enter Account Number: ");
    scanf("%s", account.acNo);
    printf("Enter IFSC Code: ");
    scanf("%s", account.ifsc);
    printf("Enter Account Type: ");
    scanf("%s", account.acType);
    printf("Enter Initial Balance: ");
    scanf("%lf", &account.balance);
    account.minBalance = 1000.0;
    printf("Account opened successfully!\n");
    return 0;
}

b. displaying details based on account number

void displayAccount(struct Account account, char* acNoToFind) {
    if (strcmp(account.acNo, acNoToFind) == 0) {
        printf("Account Number: %s\n", account.acNo);
        printf("IFSC Code: %s\n", account.ifsc);
        printf("Account Type: %s\n", account.acType);
        printf("Balance: %.2f\n", account.balance);
        printf("Minimum Balance: %.2f\n", account.minBalance);
    }
}

c. displaying all account details

void displayAll(struct Account accounts[], int n) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        printf("Account %d:\n", i+1);
        printf("Account Number: %s\n", accounts[i].acNo);
        printf("IFSC Code: %s\n", accounts[i].ifsc);
        printf("Account Type: %s\n", accounts[i].acType);
        printf("Balance: %.2f\n", accounts[i].balance);
        printf("Minimum Balance: %.2f\n", accounts[i].minBalance);
    }
}

d. displaying details of all accounts whose balance is more than 1000

void displayHighBalance(struct Account accounts[], int n) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        if (accounts[i].balance > 1000) {
            printf("Account %d:\n", i+1);
            printf("Account Number: %s\n", accounts[i].acNo);
            printf("Balance: %.2f\n", accounts[i].balance);
        }
    }
}

e. depositing an amount to an account

void deposit(struct Account* account, double amount) {
    if (amount > 0) {
        account->balance += amount;
        printf("Deposited %.2f. New Balance: %.2f\n", amount, account->balance);
    } else {
        printf("Invalid amount!\n");
    }
}

f. withdrawing some amount from an account

void withdraw(struct Account* account, double amount) {
    if (amount > 0 && (account->balance - amount) >= account->minBalance) {
        account->balance -= amount;
        printf("Withdrawn %.2f. New Balance: %.2f\n", amount, account->balance);
    } else {
        printf("Invalid amount or insufficient balance!\n");
    }
}

Advanced Structures

5. Consider the structure below and write statements for the following.

a. to declare a variable of the structure
```
struct Teacher teacher1;
```
b. to display the age of the teacher
```
printf("Age: %d\n", teacher1.age);
```

6. Declare a pointer for structure Teacher (from Q No. 5) and dynamically allocate memory for 10 records.

struct Teacher* ptr;
ptr = (struct Teacher*)malloc(10 * sizeof(struct Teacher));

7. Consider the structure below and write statements for the following.

a. to declare a pointer for the above structure and display the salary

struct Employee* empPtr;
empPtr = &employee1;
printf("Salary: %.2f\n", empPtr->salary);

b. to declare a single pointer for two different variables of the higher structure and display the details of the employee whose salary is more

struct Employee* empPtr;
struct Employee employee1 = {"John", 5000.0};
struct Employee employee2 = {"Jane", 6000.0};
empPtr = (employee1.salary > employee2.salary) ? &employee1 : &employee2;
printf("Employee Name: %s\n", empPtr->name);
printf("Salary: %.2f\n", empPtr->salary);

8. Rewrite the program of Q. No. 7 to facilitate dynamic memory allocation for N number of record where N is a user input.

#include 
#include 
struct Employee {
    char name[30];
    double salary;
};
int main() {
    int n;
    printf("Enter the number of employees: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);
    struct Employee* empPtr = (struct Employee*)malloc(n * sizeof(struct Employee));
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        printf("Enter name for employee %d: ", i+1);
        scanf("%s", empPtr[i].name);
        printf("Enter salary for employee %d: ", i+1);
        scanf("%lf", &empPtr[i].salary);
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        printf("Employee %d - Name: %s, Salary: %.2f\n", i+1, empPtr[i].name, empPtr[i].salary);
    }
    free(empPtr);
    return 0;
}